Software Engineering Microsofts Explorer Program

In the field of Software Engineering, students have a plethora of internships available to them. Despite having so many choices available to them, students must narrow their options to internships that will benefit them the most. Two particular Software Engineering internships that stand out among the others are Animusoft’s Software Engineering internship and Microsoft’s Explorer program. Based out of Miami, Florida, Animusoft promises students the chance to work on exciting team projects while learning about software engineering in a professional setting (Animusoft LLC). Microsoft’s Explorer program, on the other hand, is based out of Redmond, Washington and offers students the opportunity to gain experience in software development†¦show more content†¦However, Microsoft’s approach differs in that students work on their project with a group of their peers rather than employees like in Animusoft’s internship. This makes the internship serve as an enjoyable learning experience for students. Moreover, Microsoft strongly encourages students to be deeply involved in their project, as a result, students are assigned to a group by a group coordinator. Animusoft, however, assigns students their projects and expects them to work with Animusoft’s junior and senior developers. Clearly, Microsoft wants to make students feel comfortable and not overwhelm with work that they may not be ready for. Animusoft, on the other hand, aims to treat students as though they are experienced employees. While this not necessarily detrimental to students’ future success, it does show that Microsoft is a safer option for students who may not be experienced in software development. When it comes to time commitment, these internships differ in how many hours students must dedicate to their project. Specifically, Animusoft expects students to work on these projects for a minimum of 20 hours per week. In addition to this, students must be willing to contribute to their project at home and in their free time. Although, Animusoft only offers a part-time position. Therefore, students must keep in mind that they spend under 40 hours per week working on their project. While

Analysis of Relationships in Their Eyes Were Watching God...

Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God tells the story of Janie’s journey towards spiritual enlightenment and her development of individuality, largely through Janie’s relationships with others. Hurston uses the themes of power, control, abuse, and respect, in Janie’s relationships with Nanny, Killicks, Starks, and Tea Cake, to effectively illustrate how relationships impact identity and self-growth. It is Janie’s relationship with Nanny that first suppresses her self-growth. Janie has an immense level of respect towards Nanny, who has raised Janie since her mother ran off. The respect Janie has for her grandmother is deeper than the respect demanded by tradition, from a child toward his caretaker, probably because†¦show more content†¦It’s wherever Ah need yuh† (31). In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston emphasizes that respect empowers. When Janie’s respect for Killicks dwindles, so does Killicks’ power over Janie. Killicks’ lack of power in his and Janie’s relationship is evident in Janie’s fearless refusal to be Killicks’ workhorse. Killicks’ desperate desire to control Janie’s love for him (or lack of love) manifests into verbal abuse, through which he tries to cut down Janie’s sense of security in herself by telling her that there aren’t â€Å"no mo’ fools† who would be willing to work and feed Janie, especially after her attractive body loses its youthfulness (30). Interestingly, it seems that Janie has more power than Killicks in their relationship, in the sense that her words and actions send Killicks into fits of â€Å"resentful agony† (31) and cause Killicks to react so desperately that he ends up threatening to kill Janie with an ax, and seconds later, to cry in front of his wife (31-32). Janie leaves Killicks not on the premise that she can take care of herself, or even that she is in love with Starks, but that Starks will make her happier than will Killicks. The ending of Janie’s and Stark’s relationship, therefore, marks not Janie’s growing sense of self-sufficiency, but a small increase in self-growth in the sense that she has a clearer idea of what she is looking for in love. Janie beginsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1477 Words   |  6 PagesNot to Speak In the novel Their Eyes were Watching God, the main character, Janie, faces an inner battle in her three marriages, to speak or not to speak, which manifests itself differently with Logan, Joe, and Tea Cake. In her first marriage to Logan Killicks, Janie has her idea of what a marriage should look like shattered, as she failed to fall into the romantic idea of love that she held dear (Myth and Violence in Zora Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God). In her second marriage, to JoeRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1467 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel Their Eyes were Watching God, the main character, Janie, faces an inner battle in her three marriages, to speak or not to speak, which manifests itself differently with Logan, Joe, and Tea Cake. In her first marriage to Logan Killicks, Janie has her idea of what a marriage should look like shattered, as she failed to fall into the romantic idea of love that she held dear (Myth and Violence in Zora Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God). In her second marriage, to Joe â€Å"Jody† StarksRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God Critical Analysis1502 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis of Zora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Were Watching God Certain goals or visions are often withheld for the simple fact that what we want sometimes does not look right in the eyes of people we hold dear. In The novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora neale hurston, skillfully uses characterization to vividly portray how gender superiority impacts one’s decisions in life. Janie Crawford the protagonist struggles trying to find who she is through the men she meets in her life becauseRead MoreJanie in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston1046 Words   |  5 Pageshatred but form their upbringing or skepticism. Janie’s story (profoundly economic in emphasis, as Houston Baker has argued) focuses on three representative husbands (Newman, Oct., 2003). Although the focal point of Their Eyes Were Watching God correlates with Janie’s relationship with her three husbands and other people. It is the main and primary idea of Janie’s search for divine clarification and a strong sense of her ow n identity. Janie is alone as seen in the beginning and the ending of the storyRead MoreEssay on Their Eyes Were Watching God921 Words   |  4 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God An Analysis So many people in modern society have lost their voices. Laryngitis is not the cause of this sad situation-- they silence themselves, and have been doing so for decades. For many, not having a voice is acceptable socially and internally, because it frees them from the responsibility of having to maintain opinions. For Janie Crawford, it was not: she finds her voice among those lost within the pages of Zora Neale Hurston’s famed novel, Their Eyes Were WatchingRead MoreAnalysis Of `` No One `` By Zora Neale Hurston And Toni Morrison881 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant when choosing a method to interpret and analyse their art. Tackling the works of black female writers such as Alice Walker, Zora Neale Hurston, and Toni Morrison; and their respective magna opera, The Color Purple, Their Eyes Were Watching God, and The Bluest Eye, it is impossible to forget how their identities informed these narratives, especially when discussing a method for criticism. It is unsurprising that these works share many features, based on a strict ethos that places the narrativesRead More The Conveyance of Emotion in the Writing of Zora Neale Hurston1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe Conveyance of Emotion in the Writing of Zora Neale Hurston Sharpening Her Oyster Knife: I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are all hurt about it....No, I do not weep at the world -- I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife. Read MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott B. Fitzgerald1635 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonist in Their Eyes Were Watching God to the use of first person narration of a secondary character in The Great Gatsby. What is the effect of having Nick tell Gatsby’s story versus Janie telling her own? Is Nick a reliable narrator? Is Janie? a While Janie tells her own perspective of her American Dream, Nick is under the impression of admiration towards Gatsby’s American Dream. 3. How are women able to express power in each novel? a The women in both novels were able to express powerRead MoreEssay on A Postmodern Tendancy in Their Eyes Were Watching God1923 Words   |  8 PagesTendancy in Their Eyes Were Watching God      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ...Zora Neale Hurston lacks [any] excuse. The sensory sweep of her novel carries no theme, no message, no thought. In the main, her novel is not addressed to the Negro, but to a white audience whose chauvinistic tastes she knows how to satisfy. She exploits the phase of Negro life which is quaint, the phase which evokes a piteous smile on the lips of the superior race. -- from Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), a reviewRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism Of Frankenstein883 Words   |  4 PagesBrittany James Mrs.Shelley Wisener ENGL 2321: Frankenstein Analysis Essay 29 September 2017 Title Citations Unsure to keep Better way to word this? ADD INTROOOO In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein there is a strong factor of Psychoanalytic Criticism, specifically the Oedipus Complex. The Oedipus Complex is derived from a child s need for their parents attention, as they mature they realize they are not the absolute focus of their [parent s] attention (Brizee 1995). In the child s mind

Major Parts of Corporate Entrepreneurship. Essay Example For Students

Major Parts of Corporate Entrepreneurship. Essay New business venturing( corporate venturing) Corporate venturing refers to the creation of a new business within an existing organization. Business dictionary defined corporate venturing as the practice where a large firm takes an equity stake in a small but innovative or specialist firm, to which it may also provide management and marketing expertise. Specifically, corporate venturing emphasized an internal capital resources, proprietary knowledge, and marketing expertise. The concept of corporate entering has existed for many years in the LOS where many of the top companies have a venture capital fund or offer strategic alliances. While the number of companies involved is much smaller in this country, it has existed for many years and in many sectors. Traditionally corporate venturing has appealed to high growth sectors such as pharmaceutical or technology companies. 2. Innovativeness Its product and service innovation, with emphasis on development and innovation in technology. The innovation of product and services are crucially important to every economy. Innovation and new business development can be initiated by independent individuals or by existing enterprises, Corporate entrepreneurship is ever more considered as a valuable instrument for revitalization existing companies. It is brought into practice as a tool for business development, revenue growth, and profitability enhancement tort pioneering the development of new product, services and processes. 3. Self-renewal Its transformation through renewal of key ideas on which an organization is lilt. Self-renewal has strategic and organizational change implications and includes the redefinition of business concept, reorganization, and the introduction of system-wide changes for innovation. Self-renewal is entrepreneurial because it involves entrepreneurial efforts that result in significant changes to an organizations business or corporate level strategy. 4 Protectiveness This term includes initiative, risk taking, competitive aggressiveness, and boldness. It attempts to lead rather than follow competitors. A proactive firm is inclined to take risk through experimentation. Some opinion conceives of protectiveness as a continuous search for market opportunities and experimentation with potential responses to changing environmental trend. Entrepreneurial protectiveness depends on the attractiveness of an opportunity and ability of the firm to grasp once it is perceived. Organizational.

Successful Strategies Deployed In the Pastâ€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Successful Strategies Deployed In The Past? Answer: Introduction The aim of this study is to conduct an analysis on the company CSL limited which a global company is dealing in biotechnology. The company develops manufactures and markets the products and services related to the patients treatment and also to prevent any serious human medical conditions the purpose of conducting this research is to discuss about the development and growth that takes place in the company by implementing applications of the corporate policies and technologies (Nag, Hambrick, Chen, 2007). There are various types of strategies that would be discussed in this report. The company has faced many types of criticisms over the years related to its business practices that will also be discussed. The process of strategic development plays a vital role in the prominent growth of the company like CSL. It is a procedure that provides guidelines to the members of the organization related to its future and also help in development of necessary operations and procedures. That can be achieved in the future. The formation of strategies is related to the various types of things that are interconnected to each other. Strategies are just different types of tactics. The company uses them to achieve the goals and objectives of the company. About the company CSL is a global company that is a specialty firm of Biotherapists Company. The company develops, manufactures and delivers new and innovative biotherapies that helps in saving life, and also help the people who are going through with life- threatening medical situations throughout their lives. The company is working in more than 30 countries. The major facilities of this company is in Australia, Switzerland, Germany, united kingdom and US and employ more than 17,000 employees (Eisenhardt, Graebner, 2007). The CSL group has developed a range of highly-specialized products and services to treat the serious humans. A brief trace of the development and growth of the organisation from its beginnings to the present through the application of corporate strategies and types of strategies The development and growth in the company take place on a continuous and constant basis. Contingency approach Growth strategy Porters generic strategies Emergent strategies Strategic partnership Mission, vision, core competences The CSL vision and values concentrates on quality, safety and wants of the customer. The types of extensive ranges of products and support services provided by the company define the ongoing process and commitment of the company towards the customers. There are five major values of the company that contribute to the commitment and best possible therapies and services (Newbert, 2007). These are considered as core competencies of the company too as they helps to achieve competitive advantage. The mission, vision and core competencies of the companies comprise of Customer focus The company tries to understand and analyse the demand and wants of the customers and try to address their problems and issues. In order to achieve this, they conduct medical research, sponsor various types of events, medical aid, expand and improve educational programs, etc. (Bascle, 2008). They also try to advocate the governmental bodies and authorities so that they can access for the patient care. They are very passionate in meeting and fulfilling the needs of the customers Innovation In order to develop new products, they invest in new and emerging technologies. They also try to improve the existing therapies. The company focus on the research and development of various types of therapies related to the plasma proteins for most of the time and innovative biotherapies (Short, Moss, Lumpkin, 2009). The company is very much committed to continuous improvement in all the business. Integrity The company is deeply committee to the heritage of their company and to serve the patients who lives are directly or indirectly dependent on the products manufactured by the company. CSL Company also believes to be ethical and honest for most of the ties. Collaboration The CSL collaborate with the various types of groups, like plasma groups, investigators, plasma donors, nurses, physicians, pharmacists, and home health care companies (Furrer, Thomas, Goussevskaia, 2008). The company collectively work with the other members to achieve the targets and better results. Superior performance The company is a customer focused and also the performance driven company as they thrive in a business environment hat try to fosters changes and innovation (Cohen, 2007). The aim of the company is to be the best at what they do and will do in the future. Successful Strategies deployed in the past The most successful strategy are relate to the customers and their needs and want of the customers. CSL Company always tries to analyse the real demand of their customers and according to that demand they use to produce their products (Nerur, Rasheed, Natarajan, 2008). The company has always tries hard to earn the loyalty of the customers. Current strategies of CSL The current strategies of the company says that they have bring lots of changes in the current strategies related to the markets , shares, customer, customers care, production of the medicines, corporate social responsibility etc. in this way, by bringing changes the company is trying to focus on the achievement related to the leading company. There have been many criticisms of the business practices that company has pursued over the years Past strategies and the criticism to the strategies The criticisms of the company may start from various stake holders such as competitors, employees, customers, suppliers, communities and others such as, media journalist, industry experts, academic professionals etc. these are the individual or parties who are directly or indirectly related to the company. They can criticize as they were not happy with the management of the company before. Performance of an environmental analysis for the involvement of the organisation in the context of the industry Pestle analysis Political factors- these are related to the government of the country Environmental factors- these are related to the environment and climate factors. Social factors- these are related to the culture, people, society, values, morale, ethics etc. Technological factors- these are related to the latest technology, Legal factors- laws and regulation imposed by the government Economic factors- income off the country, GDP, etc. Swot analysis Strength The industry of biotechnology is one of the fasting developing and growing industry in the world. CSL Company is one of the reliable brand under this industry in Australia The company has a capacity to extend the capacity venom, cell cellular reagents, vaccines, etc. Weaknesses There are diseconomies to the scale There are various types of ethical issues related to the field of genetics Here is a requirement of huge investments both in time and money to generate and develop a new technology. Opportunities There is an increase in the awareness related to the use of stem cells, enzymes, etc. The company can develop and grow their business in future in such areas There are invention so new technology for example nano technology that can be used with the bio technology so that the company can develop medicines and technology for the next generation (Seelos, Mair, 2007). In future, they can tie up with large hospitals to promote the products and usage of stem cells Threats There are various types of regulation and rules imposed by the government There is skilled labor that is required in the manufacturing and production of medicines and other products related to medicine line. There are many other bio tech companies that have already started off shoring number of activities. The major activities related to the medical chemistry, contract workers with a good volume of the products range has now begin in the china market. Competition is also the biggest threat for the company CSL as there are various companies like life therapeutics, peptech, and pharmasynth. Five forces model Competition in the industry This force is very important for the company as it let know the company about the kind of competition present in the industry and the market. The CSL Companys biggest competition is the other biotech companies like life therapeutics, peptech, and pharmasynth. If there are larger number of competitors present in the market that they provide a huge risk and threat for the company (Chiang, Hung, 2010). Many times, the suppliers and the buyers seek out form the companys deal if there is huge amount of competition present in the industry. Potential of the new entrants into the industry A new and potential companys power to enter in to the industry also affects the working of the company and its industry (Tenopir, King, Edwards, Wu, 2009). It is the fact that the less money and item taken by a new entrant to enter into the industry, the more pain and competition than firm provide to the company CSL. Powers of suppliers This is affected by the number of suppliers present in the industry. This force of porters addresses the easiness that a supplier can drive by good price, goods and services. There are companies that change the suppliers to low down the cost of the production (Jacob, Ulaga, 2008). The less number of suppliers holds more power than the more number of suppliers with the company. Power of customers This is the force which is directly related to the bargaining power of the customers or low down the prices of the goods and services. Such situation poses threats and weakness to the company like CSL. It is also affected by the fact that how many numbers of customers that a company likes CSL can hold (Kuratko, Audretsch, 2009). It is also affected by the number of the customers who switch for the other companies due to some benefits and do not remain as the loyal customers. The smallest and a very much powerful base of the company help them to hold more power as compared to the customers (Alvesson, Sandberg, 2013). Threat of the substitutes There are various companies and competitor substitutions hat can be used by the customers in place of the products and services of the company can also act as a big threat to the company. There are companies who can provide other items like substitutes of medicines they can provide syrup or injections to the customers that are termed as perfect substitute of the products and services of CSL (Wirtz, Schilke, Ullrich, 2010). If the products and services provided are ore cheap and good quality, that it is a big threat to the company CSL. The organization culture, leadership style and CEO strategic planning The organisational culture or leadership style within the organisation is related to the values that the leaders and the mangers of the company share with their employees and the other work force working with i the company. The culture of the company is defined by the core values, ethics, morale and motivation of the employees provided by the effective leaders and the managers who are the source of inspiration to the employees. The CSL Company is a company who believe that to achieve the goals of the company it is relevant to keep the internal management strong and motivated (Emrouznejad, Parker, Tavares, 2008). It will help to have better management within the organisation. The CEO of the company, Paul Perrault, says that the inspiration of the company is the employees and the customers who always remain the first priority to the company. The company will always take care for both of them. The developmental and implementation of all the policies and strategies is also done by analysing that they do not affect the customers and employees. The company and its CEO aim are to achieve the goals and objectives of the business organisation by effective making and implementation of the strategies (Verhoef, Lemon, Parasuraman, Roggeveen, Tsiros, and Schlesinger, 2009). They inspire and motivate the employees to work in the same direction that not only benefit the company but also the employees working with the company. Conclusion The conclusion of the present studies says that it is very relevant for the companies to have effective management of the market and industry. It will provide exposure to the company and results in ultimate growth and development. As the company is a manufacturing unit of medicines, they have to be more aware about the market and related industry that is bio Technology Company. the company has developed various strategies and policies that can benefitted company in future, though the company has faced various types of ups and downs related to the sales profits, margin, critic form the stakeholders, customers, suppliers, competitors, etc. still the company and its CEO manage the situation is an effective way and came out with more prominent management. References Alvesson, M., Sandberg, J. (2013). Has management studies lost its way? Ideas for more imaginative and innovative research.Journal of Management Studies,50(1), 128-152. Bascle, G. (2008). Controlling for endogeneity with instrumental variables in strategic management research.Strategic organization,6(3), 285-327. Chiang, Y. H., Hung, K. P. (2010). Exploring open search strategies and perceived innovation performance from the perspective of inter?organizational knowledge flows.Rd Management,40(3), 292-299. Cohen, D. J. (2007). The very separate worlds of academic and practitioner publications in human resource management: Reasons for the divide and concrete solutions for bridging the gap.Academy of Management Journal,50(5), 1013-1019. Eisenhardt, K. M., Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges.Academy of management journal,50(1), 25-32. Emrouznejad, A., Parker, B. R., Tavares, G. (2008). Evaluation of research in efficiency and productivity: A survey and analysis of the first 30 years of scholarly literature in DEA.Socio-economic planning sciences,42(3), 151-157. Furrer, O., Thomas, H., Goussevskaia, A. (2008). The structure and evolution of the strategic management field: A content analysis of 26 years of strategic management research.International Journal of Management Reviews,10(1), 1-23. Jacob, F., Ulaga, W. (2008). The transition from product to service in business markets: An agenda for academic inquiry.Industrial marketing management,37(3), 247-253. Kuratko, D. F., Audretsch, D. B. (2009). Strategic entrepreneurship: exploring different perspectives of an emerging concept.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,33(1), 1-17. Nag, R., Hambrick, D. C., Chen, M. J. (2007). What is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field.Strategic management journal,28(9), 935-955. Nerur, S. P., Rasheed, A. A., Natarajan, V. (2008). The intellectual structure of the strategic management field: An author co?citation analysis.Strategic Management Journal,29(3), 319-336. Newbert, S. L. (2007). Empirical research on the resource?based view of the firm: an assessment and suggestions for future research.Strategic management journal,28(2), 121-146. Seelos, C., Mair, J. (2007). Profitable business models and market creation in the context of deep poverty: A strategic view.The academy of management perspectives,21(4), 49-63. Short, J. C., Moss, T. W., Lumpkin, G. T. (2009). Research in social entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future opportunities.Strategic entrepreneurship journal,3(2), 161-194. Tenopir, C., King, D. W., Edwards, S., Wu, L. (2009, January). Electronic journals and changes in scholarly article seeking and reading patterns. InAslib proceedings(Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 5-32). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Verhoef, P.C., Lemon, K.N., Parasuraman, A., Roggeveen, A., Tsiros, M. and Schlesinger, L.A., 2009. Customer experience creation: Determinants, dynamics and management strategies.Journal of retailing,85(1), pp.31-41. Wirtz, B. W., Schilke, O., Ullrich, S. (2010). Strategic development of business models: implications of the Web 2.0 for creating value on the internet.Long range planning,43(2), 272-290.

Healthy Organization A Critique Essay Sample free essay sample

In the Neilson. Pasternack and Van Nuys article. â€Å"The Passive-Aggressive Organization† [ 2005 ] . they mentioned that the healthiest companies and organisations are the 1s who are resilient. intending they can accommodate to hard state of affairss and get the better of the challenges that come in their manner. This sort of trait is really scarce among organisations and most of them may be labeled as â€Å"passive-aggressive† organisations. Employees under these passive-aggressive organisations are merely exercising merely plenty attempt to do certain they look compliant. These organisations have really friendly civilizations. but are really immune to indispensable alteration [ Business Wire. 2005 ] . Organizations who are unhealthy are observed to be either excessively commanding or non commanding adequate [ Nielson. et Al. . 2005 ] . Furthermore. passive-aggressive organisations were found to be the most hard to alter of all the different types of endeavors that necessitate some alteration.The importance of homeostasis in maintaining healthy functioning of the body is passive-aggressive organisations have big and complex constructions. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Organization: A Critique Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since the company can non be run by a little squad. it has begins to deconcentrate the control of the company. which can be hurriedly deliberated. Such state of affairs will do it more hard for the employees to see who is really responsible for a specific determination or action. Therefore. people become more apathetic and more immune to alterations. It is non truly difficult to make a consensus. but it is harder to implement the programs that have already been established. There were three organisations that were taken as illustrations of uneffective companies falling into a passive-aggressive way. A company selling consumer merchandises was used as a topic of survey of Nielsen et Al. [ 2005 ] . The company suffered an â€Å"unclear range of authority† . The Vice President for Acquisitions believed that their merchandise development must be focused to the local markets. However. the laminitis of the company thinks that they can modify their merchandises to provide to the Latin American market every bit good and non merely the Western United States. As a consequence. the merchandise received a really cold welcome from the consumers. As Nielsen et Al. [ 2005 ] puts it. â€Å"Misunderstandings and deceits refering who truly has control over which determinations are frequently the first marks that an organisation is stealing into passive-aggressive district. † There should be a clear line on who is responsible on what and it will truly do a difference to hold such function elucidation.Another featured organisation used by Neilsen. et Al. [ 2005 ] in their article is an American houseware company. who suffers from â€Å"misleading goals† . Harmonizing to their CEO. they need to authorise their human resource in order to beef up their enterprises and rise their net incomes. As a consequence. there were differences in ends because there were different squads who had the authorization. Therefore. alternatively of hiking their net incomes. there were more costs because some directors prioritized being more prompt in their bringings. Some did otherwise. It was merely excessively confusing.The same company besides suffered â€Å"agreement without cooperation† job a decennary subsequently. The new CEO launched a new plan on complexness decrease. They were holding jobs with the unneeded costs brought approximately by the deficiency of standardised machines and procedures. They discussed the job and everyone approved of the plan the CEO was proposing. However. the caput of Europe made a warning that cut downing the complexness will greatly impact their large clients particularly on their willingness to pay. However. despite the understanding. the European direction was non straight take parting in the enterprise and merely set a undertaking director in charge of all communications. Therefore. it seemed that the European direction did non truly care about the plan and it slowed down advancement on the enterprise. film overing the future chances of the undertaking.Unhealthy organisations. such as those in the passive-aggressive block have distinct qualities that are misaligned from the four basic constructing blocks of an organisation – these are inducements. determination rights. information and organisational construction. Neilsen et Al. [ 2005 ] mentioned that passive-aggressive organisations have â€Å"ineffective motivators† . Such incentives or inducements can be pecuniary in nature and anything that the employee is concerned about. like holding a window in his or her office. or holding invited to seminars and out of town trips. It is said that it is rather difficult to distinguish persons who are executing better than others. There are besides instances in which wagess are non matched to the attempts exerted by the employee. Therefore. employees merely stay out of problem because they do non necessitate to take any excess enterprise for no extra wagess will be given.Furthermore. passive-aggressive companies have â€Å"unclear determination rights† . As mentioned earlier. there is no clear line on who’s responsible on what. doing it difficult for a batch of people to do good determinations. There are frights that an employee might be taking on person else’s occupation and this might do a batch of jobs in the hereafter. Therefore. there are spots of pieces of governments in action. Everyone seems to hold a say in the determination. There are besides instances in which it seems as if cipher wants to acquire the occupation. and there is ever one individual who would leap in and take the hazard. That would normally go on if they know that there are wagess in the terminal. Another feature of a passive-aggressive organisation is that they frequently get the incorrect information. Bearers of information in a passive-aggressive environment do non desire to portion information on something. They frequently disguise it and make abbreviations for secretiveness. Sometimes. if they portion it. there is no desire to lucubrate the information since there is no wages involved in sharing it in the first topographic point. Information does non flux freely in such a passive-aggressive organisation. Last. passive-aggressive companies have a â€Å"misleading structure† . They rely excessively much on their several organisation charts as their mention of comparative position. They focus chiefly on how far off are they from the top instead than demoing how the procedures take topographic point in the organisation.Neilsen et Al. [ 2005 ] stated remedies for passive-aggressive organisations. which are rather complicated and demanding. It was suggested that â€Å"greater centralization† for some countries that rely on the same engineering and â€Å"greater decentralization† for some countries that needed it will truly assist. However. acquiring the attending of these passive-aggressive organisations is the chief challenge. Some organisations are truly difficult to wake. But when they realize what is truly go oning in their company and if they take the necessary stairss. it is impossible for them non see advancement and success forthcoming.The article provided a few elements of doing plans to switch passive-aggressive organisations to healthy 1s would be:First. they need to â€Å"bring in new blood† . Bringing new people or seting vernal persons in the workplace can bring forth new thoughts and would subsequently on lead to a relevant alteration in the company. New people are non yet used to the usual life. including how to do unneeded alibis merely to acquire off. and would normally handle the organisation with such earnestness. New employees are non yet connected to the other employees that good. therefore doing their work more professional and tougher. Another advice is to â€Å"leave no edifice block unturned. † This agencies. when there is a truly a immense job traveling on with the organisational construction. one can really alter everything about the company. One may near the company otherwise. seeing a new visible radiation and may be happen a new connexion and harmoniousness. Furthermore. the company must lodge to their determinations. Decision devising is really critical in any procedure and one should cognize when to pattern it and where. There are bounds and boundaries of one’s determination rights.Of class. to rectify the misinformation in companies. one should â€Å"spread the word and the data† . Peoples must cognize what is traveling on in their workplace and a memo is non sufficient in doing them understand the existent state of affairs. Transparency is really much needed. Regular staff meetings can assist better in presenting the message across the employees. Another of import remedy is to â€Å"match incentives to contribution† . This is really of import to do the employees on top of their game. Giving the ample wagess will do the employees perform better and therefore. will take to higher productiveness so higher net income.It has been proved by Neilsen. et Al. [ 2005 ] that the wellness of organisation is positively related to profitableness. Those who are more resilient displayed higher net incomes. around twice those passive-aggressive organisations. The senior direction plays a large function in transforming passive-aggressive organisations to resilient 1s. It does non necessitate to be drastic. It merely needs a fresh start. The Institute for Business. Technology. and Ethics ( IBTE ) has provided us â€Å"eight traits of a healthy organisation culture† [ 2003 ] . First. there should be openness in the company from all sectors and places. Acknowledging ain failings and strengths will assist foster the employees and possibly seek aid from those who are in the know. Everyone must besides be responsible and accountable for their ain actions. There should besides be freedom to put out new thoughts. which are fruits of success. Furthermore. endeavoring for excellence will besides assist the organisation to win. Another of import facet is to acknowledge and larn from your errors.One should cognize how to turn the negative into a positive. Integrity is besides a large thing in any organisation. Geting the trust of your fellow employees will shortly interpret into trust from your clients. Collaboration and teamwork are besides of import traits and reflect the strength built in an organisation. Using the strengths of each and every employee through integrating will undeniably take to good public presentation. The last of these of import traits is the bravery of confronting any challenge that comes in front ; remaining house on the land and looking for ways to work out any jobs. Such traits portray a healthy organisational civilization and these must be practiced by any organisation of all sizes and forms. It all needs good timing and a strong bosom to acknowledge that alteration is a necessity. and correspondingly take parting in any attempt that shall back up it. MentionsBusiness Wire. [ 2003 ] .Employees frequently view their companies as ‘passive-aggressive’ or ‘overmanaged. ’ harmonizing to new study tool from Booz Allen Hamilton.Accessed on February 17. 2008 at Encyclopedia Website: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. encyclopaedia. com/doc/1G1-111281382. hypertext markup languageIBTE. [ 2003 ] .Eight traits of a healthy organisational civilization ( furthering a crisp client focal point ) .Accessed on February 17. 2008 at Customer Focus Consulting Website: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. customerfocusconsult. com/articles/articles_template. asp? ID=36Neilson. G. Pasternack. B. and K. Van Nuys. [ 2005 ] . â€Å"The passive-aggressive organization† .Harvard Business Review. October 2005.

Treaty of Versailles andWilson essays

Treaty of Versailles andWilson essays The Treaty of Versailles had a lot of opposition from various groups, but Wilsons stubbornness was most liable for the failure of it in the United States. There were many problems with the treaty according to the senate. The opinions on the treaty we split into three groups. The first group was the isolationists who argued that the United States should not interfere with European affairs. The second consisted of Wilson and those who supported him. They wanted the Treaty as it was, with no modifi tions. The third party were those who were ready to ratify the treaty if there were a few changes. They felt that these changes should consist of the elimination or reduction of American obligations to the League. At the end of World War I, President Wilson led the U.S. delegation in Paris in order to make sure his Fourteen Points were used. Wilson felt that America was the only nation that had nothing to gain and he was the only one who really cared about preventing future wars. He was determined to create the League of Nations. In order to gain this objective, he compromised at the Paris Peace Conference on several major issues. When President Wilson returned home in 1919, he met with the Senate to disscuss the treaty. In order for the Senate to adopt the treaty there had to be a two-thirds vote, according to the Constitution. However, many were opposed to it. The treaty was never ratified by the U.S. Senate because of Article X, which contained the requirement that all members preserve the territorial independence of all other members, even to joint action against aggression. Some were concerned about the welfare of the United States. They felt that the League of Nations was foreign and there was no reason to put their safety in the hands of the world. They wanted to accept responsibility for America as America. The idea of another countrys government ealing with Americas domestic affa...

An assessment of Paris competitive strategy in the European tourism Dissertation

An assessment of Paris competitive strategy in the European tourism industry - Dissertation Example I would also like to appreciate the research staff for their help and contribution. They encourage me by ascertaining that the research will be effective. Their guidance supported me in handling with day-to-day issues and problems. I would also like to express my gratitude for those participants who supported me in collecting information. With the support of their concern and trust, information was gathered originally. Without their contribution, it was not possible to gather the information. Finally, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude for my family and friends who encouraged me and helped me in carrying out this research. They established my confidence through which I was capable to complete this study. Their trust and belief helped me immensely in acquiring my aim and doing this study successfully. Abstract The tourism market is one of the biggest and rapid growing industries all around the world. As per the World Tourism Organizations predictions, the industry will remain to flourishing and use more people in the 21st century. Along with the development of the tourism and hospitality market internationally, expectations of consumers and demands for higher quality are augmenting while consumer preferences are varying also (Montanari and Williams, 1995). Competition among the organizations, both internationally and nationally, is getting intense on one another. In this industrial context of increased consumer expectations, different market areas that demand special products and services, and tough competition, hospitality and tourism firms are looking for ways to progress in service quality, competition, customer satisfaction and performance, this paper takes the perception that humans and organizational behaviors are closely related with the success and failure of the tourism industry and help in the achievement of the desired goals through exceptional performance (Buzard, 1993). The purpose of this dissertation is to focus the core concepts related wit h the successful tourism and through a Paris case study, recommendations and suggestions for one of the major metropolitan of Europe; London has created an immense opportunity to explore the subject in detail. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Abstract 3 Chapter Two: Literature Review 7 Chapter Three: Humans and Organizations Behaviors in Tourism Industry 8 Organizational Behaviour 9 Criteria to Measure Competitiveness in the Tourism Industry 9 Tourism in Paris 12 Competitive Advantages 13 Suggestions for Paris 16 Annual Investments 18 Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Findings 20 References 25 Chapter One: Introduction 1.1. Dissertation Overview Tourism has emerged one of the most crucial aspect and the most profit generating performance in numerous small island emerging states. It has transformed into the source of employment generation and revenue for small island’s people (Zuelow, 2011). A transformation in the tourism requirement for an island may have a big impact on t he GDP (Gross Domestic Product), which refers to the total worth of services and goods generated in a country in a specific period of time, normally a year, the Balance of payments and the budget (Ashworth and Kavaratzis, 2010). Tourism has transformed into a highly developing industry in the current state of business, where destinations majorly depend on their natural and few manmade assets to make their tourism market. It is sometimes a core component for economic development and progress. The economic influence of tourism has shifted the

The Building of the Panama Canal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Building of the Panama Canal - Research Paper Example The birth of the Industrial Revolution in which big machines were available for earth moving finally made the dream of Panama Canal into a reality. This is the subject of this paper - how the canal went from an idea to be an engineering marvel. Spanish colonizers were among the first to realize the need for a passage through the small isthmus separating the two vast oceans. What they did was create a land route that will connect ports on both sides of the American land mass on either side. This was a time when it was technologically impossible yet to actually construct the canal; prior to the opening of the said canal, ships had to travel south all the way to the Drake Passage around Cape Horn at the tip of South America. The Panama Canal saves a total of 12,500 kilometers (7,800 miles) of extra travel equivalent to an estimated 30 days of sea voyage. The canal not only saves time but puts ships out of harms way when they had to travel south before, where strong typhoons are quite common. Elimination of unnecessary extra days at sea also puts sailors at ease. The land route became known as the Camino Real (and later on, the Las Cruces trail) and this route was the one used to lay down a railroad track; this extended from Colon on the Atlantic to the Pacific side terminus (in present-day Panama City) and was built 1850 to 1855 and ran for 47 miles. Besides the Spaniards, some colonizers from Scotland also attempted the same objective but failed. The railway was a marvel at that time, considering all the primitive engineering technology, lack of investment capital and the challenges of working in a tropical jungle environment marked by diseases like malaria, dysentery and cholera. The French Project – France is considered as the initiator of the Panama Canal with a comprehensive engineering study to build a sea level canal.1 The French were emboldened with their recent completion in building the Suez Canal of Egypt and its builder

Second Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Second Language Acquisition - Essay Example It is important to highlight that his paper delves into the discussion of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). In this, what comes out so clearly is that the second language is not that easy to speak owing to the new nature of the language to the person. In the paper, therefore, it can be easily noted that the audience are twenty five Greek Cypriots students who are from different departments and they are addressed in a foreign language. This therefore gives the problem that arises here now is that the students are to learn the Turkish language to enable them to communicate effectively for proper understanding (Dà ¶rnyei, 2003). The problem that therefore arises is that there is no common medium of communication in regards to the difference in language and therefore the acquisition of the second language for the communication and proper understanding to be very effective (Dà ¶rnyei and Zoltà ¡n 2003). One major factor that needs to be accepted and owned is that when it comes to the learning of the second language or foreign language, processes that are undergone while learning the language and the persons who are engaged in the learning of this kind of language are very much essential (VanPatten, and Alessandro, 2010). The social condition arises to difficult in second language acquisition due to various situations that students find themselves in (Dà ¶rnyei and Zoltà ¡n 2003). Learners typically interact with other learners and some speakers of the target language are affected by through this process. Particular utterances, moves, and verbal exchange are the ones that determine the learners’ caption of the second language acquisition during learning (Horwitz, Elaine K., Michael B., and Joann C., 1986). In such cases, hearing can be learned in a different way opposite to understanding what has been said.

The Body And Effects From Massage Physical Education Essay

The Body And Effects From Massage Physical Education Essay Massage and joint movement increases blood supply to bones, this helps nutrition to flow, feeding growing bones. The increased blood flow helps get rid of waste matter. Massage improves posture.  Brings good body tone and balance, reducing stress on joints and bones.  Posture will improve when the muscles are relaxed and lengthened. Poor posture impacts on the other systems of the body. For example sitting slouched with drooped shoulders and tight pectorals in a slumped posture will stop the lungs from fully expanding. Massage can improve mobility.  If a person had stiffness and restricted mobility within their joints, massaging with passive movements can ease the joints improving their range of movement. This is caused by the warming up of the synovial fluid within the joint making it more fluid. Movement causes a release of fresh synovial fluid into the joint, lubricating a dry joint. A dry joint will cause friction and pain. Also any thickening of the connective tissue may b e reduced helping to release restrictions in the joint. It helps to loosen adhesions, improve scar tissue and reduce inflammation, helping to improve mobility to stiff joints. Massage reduces physical stress placed on bones and joints which improves muscle tone and balance.   Due to increased lymphatic and blood flow stimulated by massage red blood cells are released from bone marrow, which improves overall health and energy as they carry oxygen through the body. Muscular System There are three types of muscle in the body. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that work with the connective tissues to allow movement in the body. When we want to move our brain sends impulses to the muscles to make them move. Cardiac muscles form most of the hearts wall. They are called the myocardium and are involuntary muscles. They contract to make our heartbeat. Visceral muscles are also involuntary. These muscles are smooth and form the walls of the viscera. Visceral muscles are those that help move food along in the digestive tract, veins and arteries as well as the tubular structures of the urinary tract. Massage increases the supply of blood and nutrients to muscles, restores tone and strength to muscles. It helps get rid of muscle adhesions due to illness or injury. It increases flexibility and strength in joints. Due to overuse muscles can stay contracted causing imbalance in the body. Tight muscles can constrict blood flow and will pull posture out of alignment. These problems can be corrected through massage by stretching and relaxing the muscle we increase flexability and encourage the muscle to return to its original length. When muscles work, they burn oxygen and glucose and produce lactic acid. A build up of lactic acid in the muscles will cause cramps and muscle soreness. Massage will remove the lactic acid and other waste products from the muscles relieving pain from that area. It will help reduce the formation of adhesions that occur due to overuse and general wear and tear, microscopic tears occur in the muscle fibres. If not treated these will be replaced by inelastic, s car tissue. We can adapt our massage moves to work into muscles to reduce their formation. Massage will improve muscle tone.  Ã‚  Healthy muscles constantly contract and relax. Massage can improve the tone of the muscles of the inactive, bed ridden or paralyzed as they will have poor or no muscle tone. Massage relieves muscle cramps, increases flexibility and tone, reduce waste products within the muscle. Massaging the muscle with care during a cramp can help to reduce the duration of it. Effects on the Cardiovascular System Massage can improve circulation by assisting the flow of blood back to the heart. It helps dilate blood vessels helping them to work better. It improves blood flow through the veins by bringing fresh oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste products, toxins and carbon dioxide. It can temporarily lower blood pressure, due to dilation of capillaries. It can decrease the heart rate due to relaxation. It helps to reduce ischaemia which is a reduced in flow of blood to body parts, often painful with tissue dysfunction. It improves the return of blood in the veins.  Ã‚  Blood has to continually works hard against gravity to return from feet back to the heart. We massage towards the heart to help the return of blood through the veins. (blood carried in the veins).  Massaging lowers blood pressure and has two positive effects on blood pressure, it will help the client relax and their heart rate decreases. Blood pressure is the pressure put on the artery wall each time blood passes through the artery. Massage slows the heart with fewer beats per minute reducing blood pressure. Respiratory System The respiratory system is comprised of the lungs and the passages that lead to and from them. This system begins at the nostrils and end at the lungs. It is in the lungs that oxygen from the outside meets the blood via the thin tissues in the lungs. Massage deepens breathing improving lung capacity by relaxing any tightness in the respiratory muscles. Massage on the body encourages deep breathing which increases lung capacity and increases our ability to take in more air. It improves breathing patterns, helping us to relax. Through deeper breathing we help to eliminate carbon dioxide, allowing increased oxygen to all body tissues. Massage can have soothing effects and aids in relief of many, long-term respiratory disease, such as asthma and bronchitis. On long term conditions like cystic fibrosis daily massage plays a vital role as it dislodges and expels mucus from the body keeping the airways clear. Breathing is slowed down as there is reduced stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.  Ã‚  When people are stressed they breathe rapidly and shallowly, not inhaling enough oxygen and not exhaling enough carbon dioxide. This means our blood is being deprived of oxygen to take throughout our body. Massage stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system which slows and deepens breathing. Massage improves posture which will also make breathing deeper. Massage stimulates the intercostal muscles which are attached to the ribs when contracted these muscles pull on the ribs, which expand the lungs to cause inspiration, improving the condition and tone of these muscles. Massage improves the exchange of gases in the body.  Throughout the body, there is an exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide. This will be stimulated by massage. Effects on the Lymphatic System Excess fluid in the tissue is reduced during massage by increased lymphatic drainage and removal of waste from the system. Regular massage will increase white blood cells which may help to strengthen the immune system. In massage we drain lymph from the cells to the lymph nodes, this improves the circulation of lymph and the removal of toxins from the cells. Effects on the Urinary System The urinary system is mainly comprised of the kidneys, bladder and the urethra. It filters out toxins and certain waste products that the blood has taken from the cells. Massaging the kidneys can cleanse the blood and strengthens the urinary system. It speeds up the production of waste through the lungs, skin, blood and bowels. Due to increased circulation and lymph drainage from the tissues during massage we produce more urine that usual. Conclusion Massaging the body has a knock-on effect throughout all the systems of the body, bringing balance to the body, where it can repair and renew within the systems. Massage effects the body through manipulation of soft tissues with pressure and movement resulting in mechanical responses throughout the body. The nerves responding to stimulation causing reflex responses. By relaxing both body and mind, reducing anxiety/stress and making a person feel better, boosts self-esteem, positive thinking and improves body image and awareness leading to the client taking better care of their general health. There are different types of massage and these can be adapted to suit the specific needs of a persons health or well being. It can benefit all age groups and is now available in most beauty salons at a reasonable price.

Harshness and Cruelty in Streetcar Named Desire :: Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire

One of the main themes expressed by Tennessee Williams in his play, A Streetcar Named Desire, is to condemn those who display cruelty and harshness in their treatment of others, especially those who are weak and vulnerable.   Three characters who demonstrate these insensitive qualities are Blanche, Mitch, and Stanley.   Whether the cruelty is deliberate or not, it results in the destruction of others, both physically and mentally. Blanche Dubois, the central victim of mistreatment in the play, was herself, dealing out her share of insensitivities during her younger days.   When Blanche was 16, she had a very handsome lover named Allan Gray.   She was very much in love with him and decided to marry him.   But by total surprise one night, Blanche found her lover in bed with another man.   She tried to pretend that nothing had happened.   However, she was unable to hold what she saw inside, and told Allan "I saw,   I know, you disgust me†¦"( p.96). To Allan, Blanche seemed to be a person who accepted him for who he was in a society where homosexuals are discriminated against. What Blanche said completely devastated Allan and he found no reason to continue living.   Although Blanche had no intentions of hurting Allan, enough damage was done to prompt Allan to shoot himself, his mind and body destroyed. The harsh treatment dealt by Mitch to Blanche near the end of the play is strikingly similar to Blanche's treatment of Allan Gray.   Mitch is a friend of Stanley's whom Blanche falls for during her visit to New Orleans.   The relationship between Blanche and Mitch had been developing steadily.   Both characters felt the need to settle down in life and both saw the image of marriage at the outcome of their relationship.   It did seem as though the image would become reality, until Stan interfered.   Stan filled Mitch's mind with unfavourable stories of Blanche's checkered past and the relationship quickly turned sour.   Mitch had not believed Stan at first, but when he received confirmation of the truth to Stan's accusations, he became heart-broken and enraged.   Mitch goes to confront Blanche personally and accuses her of being a prostitute and lying to him.   Mitch also says that Blanche is hiding something, as he has never seen her in broad daylight.   He then tears the paper lantern off the light bulb, representing a tearing away of Blanche's shield from realism. Blanche admits to the accusations but reasons that she has changed her ways and never did lie in her heart.   Mitch appears to forgive her as he goes to kiss Blanche.   But in the midst of the embrace, Mitch blurts out, "You're not clean

American education Essay

Education in China is growing. Over the past years Chinas education system has been attempting, and been successful in improving the education in China. China for many years did not put much emphasis on education. China was more traditional, meaning they were more interested in farming and working. Prior the 1840 education in China was only for the elite, the high class. The main purpose of education was to train what China called â€Å"gentlemen† or high officials. This is the time of Confucius, a Chinese philosopher who introduced China to the Royal Examination System, which is used to select imperial officers. Chinas education was very rigid and it focused highly on technology thus China has a high rate of illiteracy. Early Chinese students were not very well rounded; they were limited in what they could study. For example a student of science would not know much about Humanities, and vice versa, a student of Humanities would not know much about science. This approach of learning narrowed the range of knowledge that a Chinese student might have. This would limit the students thinking and restrict their future development. When a student is limited in what he of she can do then that will dramatically decrease the number of jobs that they have to chose from. American education is a lot different than the early Chinese education. In America, school is for developing critical thinking skills. American education teaches students to apply what they learn in the class to the outside world. They teach students to think outside of the box and how to think deep and to apply critical thinking skills. Critical thinking is expected in America, as for China they are more knowledge focused. The Chinese function more on memorization of knowledge and facts, again this limits them in their thinking. Chinas’ education is based on training for entrance exams for college; this time of exams is known as â€Å"black July†. They memorize a lot of facts and then repeat them on a test. In America they teach how to apply what we learn to many different problems, to see if the students can figure them out. Chinas’ system is very competitive. The students compete with each other because there is limited space in college and there are limited jobs, in their marrow fields. This increases the pressure on the students, students at times commit suicide or run away from home and often suffer form depression because the pressure is so great on them, form their family and also themselves. Unlike most American students Chinese students are eager to learn and work really hard, they want to be the best that they can be for themselves and also for their family. China is making a lot of reforms on their education approach today. They are slowly adopting some of the western world’s principles. They are beginning to encourage students to study in more than one field, such as if a students is studying mathematics they also can, and often do study another subject such as science. This is broadening the students’ horizons and allowing them to be more rounded in their capabilities. This also increases the job types that they might be able to do. The Chinese are beginning to put more of an emphasis on critical thinking than they have in the years past. This takes some of the pressure off of the students and evens it out a little more, because if the can’t find a job and all they have is one skill then they will suffer and be left out working maybe a low rate job. If a student has more flexibility in what he or she can do then there will be more options for them in the job field. The education systems of China and America are more and more beginning to resemble one another. A few differences that still exist today are that the American schools are more centered on the students and interaction learning while the China schools are more teacher- focused and lecture oriented. American schools also encourage the students to debate with the teacher and ask questions during class. China has a phrase called â€Å"saving face†; this means that the students would rather not know the answer than to ask a â€Å"dumb† question. Teachers don’t encourage questions during class and don’t allow much debate. There are both strengths and weaknesses to both Chinese and American education methods. Chinese students study hard and often. They are viewing school as a privilege and a competition while most Americans view school as boring and tiresome. While Americans struggle with memorization and discipline, they are strong in critical thinking. American students are more rounded and able to apply what they have learned too many different things, whereas the Chinese are somewhat limited. I would have to say that all in all both systems have their positives and their negatives but as the years progress, improvement in each country will also.

Stone Boiling is an Ancient Cooking Method

Stone Boiling is an Ancient Cooking Method Stone boiling is an ancient cooking technique to heat food with directly exposing it to flame, reducing the likelihood of burning, and allowing the construction of stews and soups. The old story about Stone Soup, in which a glorious stew is created by placing stones in hot water and inviting guests to contribute vegetables and bones, may have its roots in ancient stone-boiling.   How to Boil Stones Stone boiling involves placing stones into or next to a hearth or other heat source until the stones are hot. Once they have achieved an optimal temperature, the stones are quickly placed into a ceramic pot, lined basket or other vessel holding water or liquid or semi-liquid food. The hot stones then transfer the heat to the food. To maintain a continued boiling or simmering temperature, the cook simply adds more, carefully timed, heated rocks. Boiling stones typically range in size between large cobbles and small boulders, and should be of a type of stone that is resistant to flaking and splintering when heated. The technology involves a considerable amount of labor, including finding and carrying an adequate number of appropriately sized stones and building a large enough fire to transfer sufficient heat to the stones. Invention Direct evidence for using stones to heat liquid is a little hard to come by: hearths by definition generally have rocks in them (called generally fire-cracked rock), and identifying whether the stones have been used to heat liquid is difficult at best. The earliest evidence that scholars have suggested for the use of fire dates to ~790,000 years ago, and clear evidence for soup making is not present at such sites: it is possible, perhaps likely, that fire was first used to provide warmth and light, rather than cooking. The first true, purpose-built hearths associated with cooked food date to the Middle Paleolithic (ca. 125,000 years ago). And the earliest example of hearths filled with heat-fractured round river cobbles come from the Upper Paleolithic site of Abri Pataud in the Dordogne valley of France, about 32,000 years ago. Whether those cobbles were used to cook with is probably speculation, but definitely a possibility. According to a comparative ethnography study conducted by American anthropologist Kit Nelson, stone boiling is used most frequently by people who live ​in the temperate zones on earth, between 41 and 68 degrees latitude. All kinds of cooking methods are familiar to most people, but in general, tropical cultures more often use roasting or steaming; arctic cultures rely on direct-fire heating; and in the boreal mid-latitudes, stone boiling is most common. Why Boil Stones? American archaeologist Alston Thoms has argued that people use stone boiling when they dont have access to easily cooked foods, such as lean meat that can be direct-cooked over a flame. He indicates support for this argument by showing that the first North American hunter-gatherers didnt use stone boiling intensively until about 4,000 years  ago when agriculture became a dominant subsistence strategy. Stone boiling might be considered evidence of the invention of stews or soups. Pottery made that possible. Nelson points out that stone boiling requires a container and a stored liquid; stone boiling involves the process of heating liquids without the dangers of burning a basket or the contents of a bowl by direct exposure to fire. And, domestic grains such as maize in North America and millet elsewhere require more processing, in general, to be edible. Any connection between boiling stones and the ancient story called Stone Soup is sheer speculation. The story involves a stranger coming to a village, building a hearth and placing a pot of water over it. She puts in stones and invites others to taste the stone soup. The stranger invites others to add an ingredient, and pretty soon, Stone Soup is a collaborative meal full of tasty things. The Benefits of Limestone Cookery A recent experimental study based on assumptions about American southwestern Basketmaker II (200–400 CE) stone boiling used local limestone rocks as heating elements in baskets to cook maize. Basketmaker societies did not have pottery containers until after the introduction of beans: but corn was an important part of the diet, and hot stone cookery is believed to have been the primary method of preparing maize. U.S. archaeologist Emily Ellwood and colleagues adding heated limestone to water, raising the pH of ​the  water to 11.4–11.6 at temperatures between 300–600 degrees centigrade, and higher yet over longer periods and at higher temperatures. When historical varieties of maize were cooked in the water, chemical lime leached from the stones broke down the corn and increased the availability of digestible proteins. Identifying Stone Boiling Tools Hearths at many prehistoric archaeological sites have a preponderance of fire-cracked rock, and establishing evidence that some were used in stone boiling has been tested by American archaeologist Fernanda Neubauer. Her experiments found that the most common fracture on stone boiled rocks are contraction-fractures, which exhibit irregular crenulated, wavy, or jagged cracks on the breakage faces and a rough and undulating interior surface. She also found that repeated heating and cooling eventually fractures the cobbles into pieces too small to use depending on the raw material and that the repetition also can cause fine crazing of the rock surfaces. Evidence such as that described by Neubauer has been found in Spain and China by about 12,000–15,000 years ago, suggesting the technique was well known by the end of the last Ice Age. Selected Sources Ellwood, Emily C., et al. Stone-Boiling Maize with Limestone: Experimental Results and Implications for Nutrition among SE Utah Preceramic Groups. Journal of Archaeological Science 40.1 (2013): 35-44. Print.Gao, Xing, et al. The Discovery of Late Paleolithic Boiling Stones at SDG 12, North China. Quaternary International 347 (2014): 91-96. Print.Nakazawa, Yuichi, et al. On Stone-Boiling Technology in the Upper Paleolithic: Behavioral Implications from an Early Magdalenian Hearth in El Mirà ³n Cave, Cantabria, Spain. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.3 (2009): 684-93. Print.Nelson, Kit. Environment, Cooking Strategies and Containers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 29.2 (2010): 238-47. Print.Neubauer, Fernanda. Use-Alteration Analysis of Fire-Cracked Rocks. American Antiquity 83.4 (2018): 681-700. Print.Short, Laura, et al. Facile Residue Analysis of Recent and Prehistoric Cook Stones Using Handheld Raman Spectrometry. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 46.1 (2015): 126-32. Prin t. Thoms, Alston V. Rocks of Ages: Propagation of Hot-Rock Cookery in Western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.3 (2009): 573-91. Print.

Definition of a Post-Industrial Society

Definition of a Post-Industrial Society A post-industrial society is a stage in a societys evolution when the economy shifts from producing and providing goods and products to one that mainly offers services. A manufacturing society is comprised of people working in construction, textiles, mills and production workers whereas, in the service sector, people work as teachers, doctors, lawyers, and retail workers. In a post-industrial society, technology, information, and services are more important than manufacturing actual goods. Post-Industrial Society: Timeline A post-industrial society is born on the heels of an industrialized society during which time goods were mass-produced utilizing machinery. Post-industrialization exists in Europe, Japan, and the United States, and the U.S. was the first country with more than 50 percent of its workers employed in service sector jobs. A post-industrial society not only transforms the economy; it alters society as a whole. Characteristics of Post-Industrial Societies Sociologist Daniel Bell made the term post-industrial popular  in 1973 after discussing the concept in his book The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. He described the following shifts associated with post-industrial societies: Production of goods (like clothing) declines and the production of services (like restaurants)  goes up.Manual labor jobs and blue collar jobs are replaced with technical and professional jobs.Society experiences a shift from focusing on practical knowledge to theoretical knowledge. The latter involves the creation of new, invention solutions.There is a focus on new technologies, how to create and utilize them as well as harness them.New technologies foster the need for new scientific approaches like IT and cybersecurity.Society needs more college graduates with advanced knowledge who can help develop and advance technological change. Post-Industrial Societal Shifts in the U.S. About 15 percent of the labor force (only 18.8 million Americans out of a workforce of 126 million) now works in manufacturing compared to 26 percent 25 years ago.Traditionally, people earned status and gained and privilege in their society through inheritance which could be a family farm or business. Today education is the currency for social mobility, particularly with the proliferation of professional and technical jobs. Entrepreneurship, which is highly valued, generally requires a more advanced education.The concept of capital was, until fairly recently, considered mainly to be financial capital gained through money or land. Human capital is now the more important element in determining the strength of a society. Today, thats evolved into the concept of social capital the extent to which people have access to social networks and subsequent opportunities.Intellectual technology (based on math and linguistics) is at the forefront, utilizing algorithms, software programming, simul ations and models to run new high technology. The infrastructure of a post-industrial society is based on communication whereas the infrastructure of industrial society was transportation.An industrial society features a labor theory based on value, and industry develops proceeds with the creation of labor-saving devices which substitute capital for labor. In a post-industrial society, knowledge is the basis for invention and innovation. It creates added value, increases returns and saves capital.

Fualole's Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fualole's Song - Essay Example I joined the military at the age of eighteen and also had my first baby at that young age. These two events I think of as my first steps to growing up. Before then, I worked in McDonald's. Everybody sees the yellow arch, the red and yellow surroundings, the fast food and maybe the smile but not the person who works there. I might just have been anyone saying "Enjoy your meal" or "Have a nice day." I was, and still am, bubbly, friendly and outgoing, but wanted and needed more. My family could not afford to send me to college, but I wanted to extend myself, to learn more, to find out what I could achieve and who I was. But at that time, my life was fun, I was a kid. I saw the army as an opportunity to do something better. Early experiences of army life were a whole other world, one in which perfection and discipline ruled. Beds with sheets like fresh fallen snow, boots black and shining as tar. Obedience to rules, aching limbs and heavy backpacks, the tools that built physical and mental strength. Best of all was the sense of belonging, the teamwork and the realization that what I did mattered to others, my contribution was valued by my officers, company, division, regiment and country. In a short space of time, I was achieving a wider But even these exciting discoveries could not compare to giving birth to my beautiful baby. If blood, sweat and tears were put together, then that goes a little way to explaining the experience. The tears were of joy, at such an accomplishment, at creating a life. Labor was nothing anyone could have prepared me for - the pain, volcanic at times, pushing and forcing me towards the hope of a prize. At eighteen years old, I had my first understanding of the meaning of unconditional love, the beginning of mature responsibility. Nothing since has ever quite matched that experience, which made me more aware of the cycle of life and also, how important it was for me to try to be the best for somebody I loved, who depended on me. A squally scrap of humanity captured my heart and opened my mind. It was no longer just about me, I had to sing a different tune now. In reflecting on myself, I looked at how I was before I took steps to better myself. Even as a young person, I worked hard and did my best in my job. I saw that I also liked to play hard, have fun with my friends, maybe argue with my parents, and in truth, I did not care too much, so long as I had the money to enjoy myself and not to worry about responsibilities. I did not look further than having fun and getting along with everyone. At the same time, I was becoming more aware that I could maybe do better. I knew I was good with people, could always empathize and communicate and that I had a strong will and values around hard work and striving to improve. These parts of me made me search for a way to grow and better myself in life, while searching for independence. They are what made me join the military, which as I said earlier, moved me a little further along the road to becoming a mature and independent woman, not a thoughtless girl, just drifting through life. Now I believe, I have reached that maturity and independence. I think for myself, I

Answer two questions below for coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer two questions below for - Coursework Example Thus creating the image that America was founded as a penal colony and the ancestors of the Americans were all criminals and staff of the penal colony assigned by the king to the colony. In reality, the history North America is not the way most people envision it to be. In truth, North America was founded using a combination of government cunning, capitalist interests, and hopeful individuals. According to historical accounts, King James thought of the new land as a method by which he could extend his empire and bestow more land gifts to chosen members of his court. The members of his court, in exchange for the hectares of land bestowed upon them by the king, would send back token taxes to the king in the form of goods such as bearskin and arrowheads. However, not all of the emigrants came to North America upon the goodwill of the king. Then and now, venture capitalists have always played an important role on the evolution of the Americas. Since England was beset with economic proble ms during the 1600s, there were some British citizens who decided to escape the poverty and economic hardship of England by going to the Americas. These people who came to be known as â€Å"indentured servants† since they had to work for capitalist companies helping to build the settlement in the colony for a period of 5-7 years before they could be free to own land and invest on their own, were some of the most important settlers in the colony. Coming to the country to work for companies such as the Virginia Company created enticing advertisements for both the emigrants and the ship captains, who were given commissions for the people that they brought to the Americas to work for the company. Not all of the early emigrants also cane solely from England. Even then, Italians, French, and Europeans had already heard about the New World and were making their way to the colony to join and become some of the early settlers in the

Reflective Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Reflective Paper - Essay Example Workers were given directives by their bosses and, therefore, creativity was limited. Workers climbed up the seniority ladder with time. If there were layoffs, the seniors were affected less than the juniors since lay- offs were based on the principle of ‘last in, first out. There was no close tie between the pay that one got and their performance, and there were no significant differences among the workers (Michael, 23). In the 1820s, twenty percent of the population worked for wages and salaries but by the year 2000, 90 % worked for organizations, half of them working for big companies. ‘In the 1950s, the relationship between the employees and the companies involved commitment and reciprocity; workers were dedicated to the job in return for wages and promotion, and the company was committed to its workers in return for their hard work and loyalty’ (Michaels,21). Firms invested in their employees by training them, developing their skills and promoting them. This encouraged loyalty by enabling the employees plan on owning their homes and sending their children to schools. For this reason, people stuck with the same company for years. In the case of occasional long working hours, the impact was relatively easy to absorb, since women, not in the workforce assisted them with domestic duties. However, this story changed. There was a stable relationship between companies and the employees. B y regularly promoting their employees, the companies were able to maintain the stability of this relationship (Michaels 27). With time, the state of business changed and the priorities of the companies, as well as the employees, changed. In a global economy, corporations are always competing. Investors are always on the run to get new opportunities that have higher rates of return, to invest their funds. This makes investors keep moving their funds in and out of countries, companies (Michael’s Countries and businesses, therefore, are

The 5 Technologies That Changed My Life Essay Example for Free

The 5 Technologies That Changed My Life Essay I thought it would be interesting to kick off a series where each of our columnists would share the top 5 technologies that changed and profoundly impacted our lives, along with the reasons why. Technology has shaped and is shaping many different generations in different ways and will continue to do so for long periods of time. I know I always enjoy listening to others tell stories about the products that truly impacted them for the better and some of the reasons why. So here are the ones that shaped my life up to this point. That’s right the very first EPIC NES. It was 1985 when the NES came into my house. I was instantly the coolest kid on the entire block. My father being one of the first analysts in the computer industry developed a good relationship with Nintendo so he got to bring one of the first units home. Many of you can relate to your first gaming experience, whether it be with the Commodore, Atari, NES or even the Playstation or XBOX. It was mesmerizing, captivating and seriously addicting. I couldn’t get enough, the escape that video games presents or more immersive and emotional that books or movies could ever be, for me at least. It also most likely contributed to my ADD. Now with the addition of things like Kinect and the Wii, families are getting together and playing immersive games together. For me it all started with the original NES. IBM PS/2 DIR/W. Ah the memories of DOS. The PS/2 was the first computer I remember using at length. We had many others before it in our home but I simply don’t remember them as well. I learned to use DOS on the PS/2 which instantly made me the go to for tech support in computer lab in the 5th grade. Computers and computing are a big part of many of our lives. I highlight this one because it was the one I spent the most time with at a young age and the one much of my computing foundation was grounded on. I had a difficult time choosing between the iPaq and the first Palm Pilot. I was at the Palm Pilot launch event when Jeff Hawkins first publicly demonstrated the device. In fact my dad took me out of school to attend the event because he knew how significant it would be for the industry. I remember thinking at the time how groundbreaking this pocket computer was. The primary reason I chose the iPaq over the Palm Pilot was because of the Metricom wireless card adapter sleeve. Although the original Palm Pilot represented a vision for a true pocket computer, the iPaq with the Metricom Ricochet Wireless card brought me the Internet in my pocket for the fist time and that was what gave me my inflection point. Now you may be wondering why I chose this device over a smartphone or cellphone of some kind. The reason was because this particularly product, tied to the Metricom broadband service, provided the basis for my smartphone experience. Because I was highly familiar and comfortable with a pocket computer experience, I didn’t have the same profound â€Å"aha† moments many did with their first smartphones because the iPaq had provided the fundamental experience of apps and the internet in your pocket. Being an early adopter I bought my first HDTV the second I could possibly afford one which was in 2003. That was also the year my first daughter was born, so I positioned it as a birthday present for her, which obviously no one believed. I remember the first time I saw an HD picture on this beast. I nearly cried. I stared at it for hours and watched the most random things simply because HD content was limited and I just wanted to watch HD shows. I remember telling my wife it was like looking out a window or like actually being at the football or baseball game. She didn’t think so but I did and that was all that mattered. I chose the iPad for a number of reasons. Mainly because in the 13+ years I have been working in the technology industry I always dreamed of a product like this (a no compromise tablet) and this was the first to deliver. I used nearly every pen computing tablet that came to market in a variety of shapes and sizes prior to the iPad. Yes, there are a number of good tablets on the market and they will all continue to get better but for me the iPad brought touch computing to the mass market and is still the cream of the crop in my opinion. Arguably touch computing started with the iPhone but a small pocketable screen is only capable of some elements of touch computing where the iPad represents a much more holistic touch computing platform and has cast a vision of where touch computing will go with future innovations. So those are my 5 defining experiences with technology. More Tech.pinions columnists will share theirs and why and as always we would love to hear from our fantastic community with your comments.

Essay Comparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth -- comparison compare contras

William Shakespeare’s Macbeth tells the story of a general who commits regicide in order to become king. Early in the play, Macbeth is conflicted as to weather or not he wants to kill his kinsman the king. In the first two acts Macbeth is not portrayed as a ruthless killer; he is a sympathetic character who succumbs to the provocation of his wife and a prophecy foretold by three mysterious witches. In contrast, Lady Macbeth is a manipulative, immoral woman. Her ambition is so strong that she is willing to do anything to see her husband succeed. However, in the third act things begin to change. The death of the king and lord and lady Macbeth’s rise to power catalyze profound transformation in their personalities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before Macbeth enters the stage his reputation as a prestigious general is established. In the second scene of the play men who have fought with Macbeth rant about his courage in battle. The first account of Macbeth’s bravery comes from an injured captain. He says: â€Å" But all’s too weak/for brave Macbeth (Well he deserves that name)/ Disdaining fortune, with his brandish steel/. (1.2.17) The rest of the scene consists of other recounts of Macbeth’s success; the thane of Ross informs the king that Macbeth has successfully suppressed the joint efforts of the thane of Cawdor, and the king of Norway. Furthermore, in this scene the king announces that Macbeth is to be promoted as the new thane of Cawdor. In this scene Macbeth is portrayed as a mighty, patriotic, warrior and a loyal subject to the king. However as the play progresses Macbeth deviates from these traits. Macbeth’s encounter with the three witches c onfuses him. He begins to decide on a course ... ... to kill Banquo he says â€Å" Not I’ th’ worst rank of manhood say ‘t And I will put that business in your bosoms†(3.1.115) This was the same technique that Lady Macbeth used when she was persuading Macbeth to kill Duncan; she questioned his manhood. While Macbeth is loosing his morals, Lady Macbeth is developing hers. After Macbeth reveals his plot to kill Banquo she is reluctant to add another murder to those already committed: â€Å"You must leave this†(3.3.40)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In act three another prophecy foretold by the witches comes true. The paradox â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair† characterizes the changes the protagonists undergo in acts one, two and three. Throughout the play Macbeth, the â€Å"fair† one, becomes overcome by guilt and becomes â€Å"foul†. While Lady Macbeth who was â€Å"foul† in her instigations becomes â€Å"fair†. Essay Comparing Macbeth and Lady Macbeth -- comparison compare contras William Shakespeare’s Macbeth tells the story of a general who commits regicide in order to become king. Early in the play, Macbeth is conflicted as to weather or not he wants to kill his kinsman the king. In the first two acts Macbeth is not portrayed as a ruthless killer; he is a sympathetic character who succumbs to the provocation of his wife and a prophecy foretold by three mysterious witches. In contrast, Lady Macbeth is a manipulative, immoral woman. Her ambition is so strong that she is willing to do anything to see her husband succeed. However, in the third act things begin to change. The death of the king and lord and lady Macbeth’s rise to power catalyze profound transformation in their personalities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before Macbeth enters the stage his reputation as a prestigious general is established. In the second scene of the play men who have fought with Macbeth rant about his courage in battle. The first account of Macbeth’s bravery comes from an injured captain. He says: â€Å" But all’s too weak/for brave Macbeth (Well he deserves that name)/ Disdaining fortune, with his brandish steel/. (1.2.17) The rest of the scene consists of other recounts of Macbeth’s success; the thane of Ross informs the king that Macbeth has successfully suppressed the joint efforts of the thane of Cawdor, and the king of Norway. Furthermore, in this scene the king announces that Macbeth is to be promoted as the new thane of Cawdor. In this scene Macbeth is portrayed as a mighty, patriotic, warrior and a loyal subject to the king. However as the play progresses Macbeth deviates from these traits. Macbeth’s encounter with the three witches c onfuses him. He begins to decide on a course ... ... to kill Banquo he says â€Å" Not I’ th’ worst rank of manhood say ‘t And I will put that business in your bosoms†(3.1.115) This was the same technique that Lady Macbeth used when she was persuading Macbeth to kill Duncan; she questioned his manhood. While Macbeth is loosing his morals, Lady Macbeth is developing hers. After Macbeth reveals his plot to kill Banquo she is reluctant to add another murder to those already committed: â€Å"You must leave this†(3.3.40)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In act three another prophecy foretold by the witches comes true. The paradox â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair† characterizes the changes the protagonists undergo in acts one, two and three. Throughout the play Macbeth, the â€Å"fair† one, becomes overcome by guilt and becomes â€Å"foul†. While Lady Macbeth who was â€Å"foul† in her instigations becomes â€Å"fair†.

Successful Military Innovation Essay examples -- Military History

The fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and subsequently the collapse of the Soviet empire changed the political – military situation within Europe. Nearly five decades of Cold War between the Western Alliance and the Warsaw Pact countries, with relatively large standing armies and prepared mobilization plans, ended. The fight between large mechanized formations on European countryside became more and more improbable, and forced many Western countries to identify a new role for their armed forces as new threats emerged. Yet, those military organizations often struggle with such doctrinal innovations, especially in economic austere conditions combined with rapidly technological improvements. While such strategic situations determine the environment in which the military operates, ultimately people lay the foundations for a new approach. Therefore, successful innovation within a military organization depends on aligning political and military strategy, creating a learning organizati on, and assuring popular support to the military. This essay identifies principles that induce change on organizational level based upon examples from the interwar period, and has not the intention to discuss neither tactical nor technical changes in detail. Such an essay would require more in depth study that draws us away from the initial argument. Without a doubt, during the interwar period almost all military organizations reformed, based on their lessons learned from World War I, and each of them booked significant advances in certain domains. Nonetheless, some organizations as a whole proved to possess more adaptive skills than others. Above all, innovations within military organizations depend on the integration of political and military vision. ... ... The Challenge of Change: Military Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941†. Edited by Harold R. Winton and David R. Mets (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 37-41. Williamson, Murray. â€Å"Armored Warfare: The British, French, and German Experience†, in Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millet (Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 22-24. Eugene, C. Kiesling in The Challenge of Change: Military Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941†. Edited by Harold R. Winton and David R. Mets (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 3 and 10-11. Murray, op. cit., 14-15. Ibid, 9. Ibid, 13. House. Towards Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of Tactics, Doctrine and Organization in the 20th Century. 66. Murray, op. cit., 17. Ibid, 24-25. Murray, op. cit., 125-127 and 139.

Bassett and Howley

It nas been proposed initially by ( ) that the individuals with more training experience have additional cardiac output, and such individuals are able to operate with even less oxygen saturation. It is also argued that, in elite athletes, decreased transportation time of the RBCs in the pulmonary vessels causes oxygen desaturation in the arteries due to increased cardiac output.Moreover, increase in flow rate occurs due to increase in volume of blood flow in the vessels or capillaries having constant diameter (Pelliccia et al. , 2002). If flow rate is so fast, then ed blood cells will surpass oxygen hurriedly to the haemoglobin, which will result in less saturation of haemoglobin resulting in reduced oxygen in exercising muscle, causing muscle fatigue (Warpeha, 2003). This theory indicates that maximum oxygen consumption is, to an extent, limited by pulmonary factors during exercise. While other authors indicate that factors such as arterial oxygenation are impossible to affect V02 m ax (Vogiatzis et al. , 2008). Moreover, Christensen (1931) argued that decline in sub maximal heart rate, without affecting cardiac output, can occur during aerobic exercise.He concluded that maintaining cardiac output is possible by increasing stroke volume when heart rate is decreased, as cardiac output is the result of heart rate into stroke volume. However, this relationship varies when exercise reaches maximum level. It was evaluated that training time and levels did not affect maximum heart rate, and only an augmented stroke volume caused improvement in performance when exercise reached its maximum levels. Hence, stroke volume was able to maintain appropriate cardiac output, as average heart rate remained the same for both trained and untrained individuals at maximal exercise Christensen, 1931; Saltin and Calbert, 2006).